Milky Way Galaxy Has Four Spiral Arms, New Study Confirms

A 12-year study published in the Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society has confirmed that our Milky Way Galaxy has four spiral arms, following years of debate that it has only two arms.

Galactic distribution of massive young stars and compact and ultra-compact H II regions have luminosities greater than 10^4 times that of the Sun. The map shows the positions of the complexes and individual sources as red and blue circles, respectively. The sizes of the markers give an indication of their luminosity, as depicted in the upper-right corner. The position of the Sun is shown by the small circle above the Galactic Centre. The two solid lines enclose the Galactic Center region that was excluded from survey due to problems with source confusion and distance determination. The smaller of the two dot–dashed circles represents the locus of tangent points, while the larger circle shows the radius of the solar circle. Image credit: Urquhart JS et al / Robert Hurt, the Spitzer Science Center / Robert Benjamin.

Supergiant nebulae

The most energetic H II regions within nearby galaxies have over 1,000 times more ionizations per second than does the Orion Nebula, too many to be provided by a single star. Indeed, there are clumps of ionized gas ionized by tight groupings of single stars that are embedded in rather diffuse material. These objects are more than 10 times as luminous as any in the Milky Way Galaxy and are about 200 light-years in diameter. If they were located at the Orion Nebula, they would cover the entire constellation of Orion with brightly glowing gas. These supergiant nebulae are more than 10 times as luminous as any in the Galaxy. The entire Local Group—the cluster of galaxies consisting of the Milky Way Galaxy, the great spiral galaxy in Andromeda, the smaller spiral in Triangulum, and more than 20 other stellar assemblages—contains but one supergiant nebula: the object called 30 Doradus, in the Large Magellanic Cloud. It contains a stellar cluster called R136, the source of most of the energy radiated by the nebula. This grouping consists of dozens of the most massive known stars of the Milky Way Galaxy, all packed into a volume only a thousandth of a typical stellar spacing in size. How such a cluster could form is a fascinating puzzle. There are other supergiant nebulae outside the Local Group, some of which radiate 10 times the energy of 30 Doradus.

“The Milky Way is our galactic home and studying its structure gives us a unique opportunity to understand how a very typical spiral galaxy works in terms of where stars are born and why,” said co-author Prof Melvin Hoare from the University of Leeds.

In the 50s, astronomers used radio telescopes to map the Milky Way. Their observations focused on clouds of gas in the Galaxy in which new stars are born, revealing four major spiral arms.

In 2008, scientists using NASA’s Spitzer Space Telescope scoured our Galaxy for infrared light emitted by stars. They revealed about 110 million stars, but only evidence of two spiral arms.

The astronomers behind the new study used several radio telescopes to individually observe about 1,650 massive stars in the Galaxy. The distances and luminosities of these stars were calculated, revealing a distribution across four spiral arms.

“It isn’t a case of our results being right and those from Spitzer’s data being wrong – both surveys were looking for different things. Spitzer only sees much cooler, lower mass stars – stars like our Sun – which are much more numerous than the massive stars that we were targeting,” Prof Hoare said.

Massive stars are much less common than their lower mass counterparts because they only live for a short time – about 10 million years. The shorter lifetimes of massive stars means that they are only found in the arms in which they formed, which could explain the discrepancy in the number of galactic arms that different research teams have claimed.

“Lower mass stars live much longer than massive stars and rotate around our Galaxy many times, spreading out in the disc. The gravitational pull in the two stellar arms that Spitzer revealed is enough to pile up the majority of stars in those arms, but not in the other two. However, the gas is compressed enough in all four arms to lead to massive star formation,” Prof Hoare said.

“It’s exciting that we are able to use the distribution of young massive stars to probe the structure of the Milky Way and match the most intense region of star formation with a model with four spiral arms,” said lead author Dr James Urquhart of the Max Planck Institute for Radio Astronomy in Bonn, Germany.

References:

(1)   The Luminosity function and stellar evolution - Salpeter, Edwin E. Astrophys.J. 121 (1955) 161-167

(2)   Accretion in stellar clusters and the imf - Bonnell, I.A. et al. Mon.Not.Roy.Astron.Soc. 324 (2001) 573 astro-ph/0102121

(3)   The Stellar initial mass function - Scalo, J.M. Fund.Cosmic Phys. 11 (1986) 1-278

(4)   The Initial mass function and stellar birthrate in the solar neighborhood - Miller, G.E. et al. Astrophys.J.Suppl. 41 (1979) 513-547

(5)   On the Formation of Massive Stars - Bonnell, Ian A. et al. Mon.Not.Roy.Astron.Soc. 298 (1998) 93 astro-ph/9802332

(6)    Urquhart JS et al. The RMS survey: galactic distribution of massive star formation. MNRAS 437 (2): 1791-1807; doi: 10.1093/mnras/stt2006

DRINKING WATER ON EMPTY STOMACH

DRINKING WATER ON EMPTY STOMACH

It is very popular technique in Japan to drink water on empty stomach immediately after waking up every morning. Furthermore, scientific tests have proven its value. We publish below a description of use of water for our readers. For old and serious diseases as well as modern illnesses the water treatment had been found successful by a Japanese medical society as a 100% cure for the following diseases:

Headache,heart system,body ache, arthritis, fast heart beat, epilepsy, excess fatness, bronchitis asthma, TB, meningitis, kidney and urine diseases, vomiting, gastritis, diarrhea, piles, diabetes, constipation, all eye diseases, womb, cancer and menstrual disorders, ear nose and throat diseases.

METHOD OF TREATMENT :

1. As you wake up in the morning before brushing teeth, drink 4 x 160ml glasses of water

2. Brush and clean the mouth but do not eat or drink anything for 45 minute

3.. After 45 minutes you may eat and drink as normal.

4. After 15 minutes of breakfast, lunch and dinner do not eat or drink anything for 2 hours

5. Those who are old or sick and are unable to drink 4 glasses of water at the beginning may commence by taking little water and gradually increase it to 4 glasses per day.

6. The above method of treatment will cure diseases of the sick and others can enjoy a healthy life.

The following list gives the number of days of treatment required to cure/control/reduce main diseases:

1. High Blood Pressure (30 days)
2. Gastric (10 days)
3. Diabetes (30 days)
4. Constipation (10 days)
5. Cancer (180 days)
6. TB (90 days)
7. Arthritis patients should follow the above treatment only for 3 days in the 1st week, and from 2nd week onwards – daily..

This treatment method has no side effects, however at the commencement of treatment you may have to urinate a few times.

It is better if we continue this and make this procedure as a routine work in our life. Drink Water and Stay healthy and Active.

EATING FRUIT FACTS

EATING FRUIT

 

It's not as easy as you think.
It's important to know how and when to eat.

DON'T EAT FRUIT AFTER MEALS!

FRUITS SHOULD BE EATEN ON AN EMPTY STOMACH.

It will play a major role to detoxify your system, supplying a great deal of energy for weight loss and other life activities.

FRUIT IS THE MOST IMPORTANT FOOD. Let's say you eat two slices of bread and then a slice of fruit. The slice of fruit is ready to go straight through the stomach into the intestines, but it is prevented from doing so.

In the meantime the whole meal rots and ferments and turns to acid. The minute the fruit comes into contact with the food in the stomach and digestive juices, the entire mass of food begins to spoil....

Eat fruit on an empty stomach or before meals! People complain, "Every time I eat watermelon I burp; when I eat apples, my stomach bloats up; when I eat a banana🍌 I feel like running to the toilet, etc ” This will not arise if you eat the fruit on an empty stomach. Fruit mixes with the putrefying other food and produces gas, hence you will bloat!

Gray hair, balding, nervous outburst, and dark circles under eyes will NOT happen by taking fruit on an empty stomach.

There is no such thing as some fruits, like orange and lemon 🍋are acidic, because all fruits become alkaline in our body, according to Dr. Herbert Shelton who did research on this matter. Master the correct way of eating fruits, and you will have beauty, longevity, health, energy, happiness and normal weight.

Drink only fresh fruit juice, NOT from the cans. Don't even drink juice that has been heated up. Don't eat cooked fruits because you don't get the nutrients at all. Cooking destroys all the vitamins.

Eating a whole fruit is better than drinking the juice. If you should drink the juice, drink it mouthful by mouthful slowly, because you must let it mix with your saliva before swallowing it. You can go on a 3-day fruit fast to cleanse your body. Just eat fruits and drink fruit juice throughout the 3 days and you will be surprised when your friends tell you how radiant you look!

KIWI: 🍈A good source of potassium, magnesium, vitamin E & fiber. Its vitamin C content is twice that of an orange.

APPLE: Although an apple has a low vitamin C content, it has antioxidants & flavonoids which enhances the activity of vitamin C thereby helping to lower risks of colon cancer, heart attack & stroke.

STRAWBERRY: .. have the highest total antioxidant power among major fruits & protect from cancer-causing, blood vessel-clogging free radicals.

ORANGE : Taking 2-4 oranges a day may help keep colds away, lower cholesterol, prevent & dissolve kidney stones as well as lessening the risk of colon cancer.

WATERMELON: Composed of 92% water, it is also packed with a giant dose of glutathione, which helps boost our immune system. A key source of lycopene the cancer fighting oxidant. Other nutrients found in watermelon are vitamin C & Potassium.

GUAVA & PAPAYA: 🍈 for their high vitamin C content. Guava is also rich in fiber, which helps prevent constipation. Papaya is rich in carotene; good for your eyes.

Drinking Cold water after meals = Cancer!

It will solidify the oily stuff you have just consumed and slow down digestion... Once this 'sludge' reacts with the acid, it will break down and be absorbed by the intestine faster than the solid food. It will line the intestine. This will turn into fats and lead to cancer. Better to drink hot soup or warm water after a meal.

HEART ATTACK PROCEDURE': Not every heart attack symptom is going to be the left arm hurting. Be aware of pain in the jaw line. You may never have chest pain during a heart attack. Nausea and intense sweating are common symptoms. Sixty percent who have an attack while asleep do not wake up. Pain in the jaw can awaken you.

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Kidney stone juice

 

Kidney stone juice

one in ten people will have a kidney stone at some time in their lives”.
To avoid kidney stones from forming, drinking a lot of fluids such as filtered water is highly recommended.

1. Avoid foods high in oxalate: Peanuts, almonds, cashews, hazelnuts, soybeans, soy milk, wheat germ and wheat bran, spinach, black tea, instant tea, rhubarb, beets, most dried beans, sweet potatoes and chocolate.
2. Reduce animal protein foods.
3. If you have kidney stones your doctor will recommend for you to cut down on salt and sodium you take. Limit the amount of salt (sodium), calcium, oxalate, protein, potassium and fluid in your diet. Your health practitioner will probably advise you to limit sodium to 2,000 milligrams each day.
4. You also need to learn how to read the labels and avoid foods high in calcium. It is important that you learn from your health practitioner the right balance of calcium to eat.
Tip: Drink a glass of water before bed and if you wake during the night, drink another glass before going back to bed.

Try this juice to help you with kidney stones:
Lemon is high in citric acid, which is believed to help break-up calcium-based kidney stones.
Watermelon is one of the best fruit for kidney stones. It has the highest level of water among all types of fruits. Water is crucial when it comes to passing kidney stones. It is also high in potassium, which is a form of salt that helps dissolve the kidney stones. Watermelon is a diuretic and increases urine formation.
In addition to drinking as many glasses of water as you possibly can, drink 1 or 2 juices each day.
Juices contain citrates which will aid in the breakup of the stones.
Juice:
1 orange, peeled
1 apple
1 lemon
4 slices of watermelon
4 ice cubes
All ingredients must be organic.

Don't Forget To Share 

Dr. Jonas Salk gave a lengthy interview to Edward R. Murrow to explain how his polio vaccine would work.

Salk preferred not to have his career as a scientist affected by too much personal attention, as he had always tried to remain independent and private in his research and life, but this proved to be impossible. "Young man, a great tragedy has befallen you—you've lost your anonymity", the television personality Ed Murrow said to Salk. 

The vaccine is calculated to be worth $7 billion had it been patented. However, lawyers from the National Foundation for Infantile Paralysis did look into the possibility of a patent, but ultimately determined that the vaccine was not a patentable invention because of prior art.

Dr. Jonas Salk gave a lengthy interview to Edward R. Murrow to explain how his polio vaccine would work.

In this clip of that interview - from "See it Now" - Murrow asks Salk: 

Who owns the patent?

In an answer that may not be typical, Salk responds:

The people, I would say.  There is no patent.  Could you patent the sun?

Perhaps like Dr. Wilhelm Konrad Roentgen (1845-1923), who discovered X-Rays but refused to patent his invention, Dr. Salk may have believed that personal gain is secondary to helping mankind.

Dr. Robert Cook-Deegan - Director of the Center for Genome Ethics, Law and Policy at Duke University - makes the following observation about Dr. Salk's "patent the sun" comment:

When Jonas Salk asked rhetorically "Would you patent the sun?" during his famous television interview with Edward R. Murrow, he did not mention that the lawyers from the National Foundation for Infantile Paralysis had looked into patenting the Salk Vaccine and concluded that it could not be patented because of prior art - that it would not be considered a patentable invention by standards of the day.

Cook-Degan goes further, referencing Patenting the Sun, by Jane S. Smith (which is not-yet available for online reading at Google Books):

Salk implied that the decision was a moral one, but Jane Smith, in her history of the Salk Vaccine, Patenting the Sun, notes that whether or not Salk himself believed what he said to Murrow, the idea of patenting the vaccine had been directly analyzed and the decision was made not to apply for a patent mainly because it would not result in one.

Whatever the reason not to patent the Salk vaccine, its usefulness has been profound.  Polio has been prevented internationally, as the World Health Organization reports:

• Polio (poliomyelitis) mainly affects children under five years of age.

• One in 200 infections leads to irreversible paralysis.  Among those paralysed, 5% to 10% die when their breathing muscles become immobilized.  [That was a reason for the "iron lung" which was used to help people breathe.]

• Polio cases have decreased by over 99% since 1988, from an estimated 350,000 cases then, to 650 reported cases in 2011.  The reduction is the result of the global effort to eradicate the disease.

• In 2012, only three countries (Afghanistan, Nigeria and Pakistan) remain polio-endemic, down from more than 125 in 1988.

VIEW THE SOURCES:
Wikipedia: Jonas Salk

Iron lung

World Health Organization reports

National Foundation for Infantile Paralysis